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Similarly, the RIAA represents over 1600 record labels around the country, with a majority of its board of directors coming from the “Big Three” music companies: Sony Music Entertainment, Universal Music Group and Warner Music Group. Currently, membership in the MPAA consists of the “Big Six” film studios: Walt Disney Studios, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Paramount Motion Pictures, Fox Ent e rtainment Group, NBCUniversal, and Warner Brothers Entertainment. The MPAA and RIAA are actually trade associations founded to advance the common business interests of their members and to promote technical standardization. In fact, a greater threat is emerging as a result. The debate over copyright enforcement did not stop with SOPA’s defeat. In fact, these organizations have already managed to create their own private system of enforcement that mimics many of the provisions proposed previously in legislation, but without any public oversight. Although these bills were ultimately defeated, their combined lobbying efforts and close relationships with lawmakers have allowed the RIAA and MPAA to continue seeking stronger powers of enforcement over their copyrights. Additionally, these bills shared the strong blessings of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) and the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), the lobbying arms of the entertainment industry and major players in the effort to combat online piracy. The PROTECT IP Act (PIPA) was SOPA’s counterpart in the Senate, itself a rewrite of a bill from a year earlier called the Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act (COICA), which also shared many of the provisions of these newer bills. What made this even more astonishing was that almost identical bills had been introduced before and during SOPA’s life in Congress. Up until that time, no other piece of copyright enforcement legislation had received the amount of attention that SOPA did. By January 2012, major internet companies such as Google, Facebook, and Twitter had come out against the bill, while popular websites like Wikipedia even went as far as shutting down for an entire day in protest. At its core, the bill threatened internet users and website owners alike by essentially nullifying so-called “safe harbor” provisions which protect users from criminal liability for uploading copyrighted material. In the following months, however, the “Stop Online Piracy Act” (SOPA) became a household name. On November 16, the one and only public hearing for the bill was held wherein a panel of witnesses, mostly supporting the bill, testified to its merits. property, and for other purposes,” was immediately referred to the House Judiciary Committee for discussion and further debate.
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The seemingly innocuous bill, intended “To promote prosperity, creativity, entrepreneurship, and innovation by combating the theft of U.S.
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3261 was introduced in Congress in the fall of 2011, it generated relatively little commotion.
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